Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling
نویسنده
چکیده
Although the assignment was to write a note about the famous, highly cited Kruskal 1964 papers, it would hardly be fair if the topic wasn’t described in the context of two other papers, being Shepard’s 1962 papers (with 2309 citations in Google Scholar as of 4/1/2016) that started the development of what is called nonmetric multidimensional scaling. Before getting into more detail, some of the earlier history of multidimensional scaling should be addressed as well, to place the breakthrough from the early 1960s in a proper context. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) is the generic name of a class of techniques that aim to find a low-dimensional space, in which the distances between N points resemble as closely as possible a given or derived set of dissimilarities between N objects. Multidimensional scaling methods can be divided into two major approaches. Prior to the Shepard-Kruskal approach, MDS was mostly associated with Torgerson (1958). As Shepard wrote in his 1980 paper in Science:
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